Introduction to Ethics Syllabus

Evangel University, Spring 2007, M, W, F - 11:00 a.m. to 11:50 a.m. AB2 305.
Phil 118, Professor Douglas F. Olena

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Purpose of Ethics in the Curriculum:

I can not overstate the reasons why a course in Ethics is so essential for a Liberal Arts education. The history of ethical thought runs continuously alongside the history of civilization. Mankind has for all his existence sought to understand what his obligations are and how he should undertake the project of living well. Answers to questions of human obligation have been answered in many ways by many cultures. The most troubling issue proceeding from this is that the answers given are not only in huge variety but often contradictory.

What is one to do in the face of these often contradictory belief systems? The answer is not a simple one and can't be understood by a simple appeal to any authority. Even when we appeal to the Bible, we are faced in Christian civilization with the knowledge that various Christian cultures permit what others don't and forbid what others permit. All this is done in the name of Jesus under the authority of the word of God. As you might expect, there is no firm answer in ethical literature.

However, the study of ethics provides a language and categories to discuss moral problems with. Its usefulness as a foundation to law, government, medicine, the individual, family and society in general shows up in the myriad explanations we give for our behavior. As well, justice demands not only an explanation but justification which ethics gives.

Ethics is a course that helps us put in perspective many of the moral issues that face us in life. It is a course that asks questions unasked anywhere else in the curriculum

One must, however, be ready emotionally and in moral development to apply the ideas and principles in this study. As Aristotle says, "For the immature, ethical study is of no value, any more than it is for persons deficient in self control; but those who regulate their aims and guide their conduct by principle may derive great benefit from the science."

Course Description:

Introduction to ethics, ethical problems, and major ethical systems.

Addendum to the course description.

This Introduction to Ethics will survey some history of ethical development, major schools of thought and the modern dilemma arising from a scientific treatment of human character. We will also discuss some contemporary moral issues.

Course Objectives:

Students explore fundamental Ethical issues in western philosophy such as relativism, egoism, right and wrong, the nature of happiness, moral obligation, virtue, duty, utility and justice. These issues are explored through readings and discussion of major ethical problems, ancient and modern.

The student will be able to:

  1. Identify major trends and issues in ethical thought.
  2. Place major trends in historical context.
  3. Define and identify examples of major ethical concerns such as the nature of good, the investigation of ethical questions and the goal of life.
  4. Identify themes common to both ancient and modern ethical thought.
  5. Analyze ethical problems and positions by applying principles and insights from class readings and discussions.

Texts:

A. Ethics, Theory and Contemporary Issues, Edited by Barbara MacKinnon.
This text contains the majority of essays to be discussed. The book excels in drawing a clear view of the major issues while bringing contrasting opinions to bear on the same problems. As well, the introductory material is first rate.

B. The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Fifth Edition, James Rachels and Stuart Rachels.
This text contains essays covering many aspects of moral philosophy. James Rachels illustrates his theory with cogent examples throughout, simplifying comprehension of difficult themes.

Course Requirements:

  1. Read the MacKinnon and Rachels texts and be prepared to respond in class both in writing exercises and verbally.
  2. Write a research paper on a topic of your choosing using the themes, language and discussions of homework topics.
  3. Take sectional quizzes on the MacKinnon and Rachels texts, write review papers on the salient points from the sections of the books.

Grading:

1/4 — Class participation and homework
1/4 — Sectional quizzes
1/4 — Written research paper
1/4 — Final exam
Grading will be on the Evangel standard:
93-100% = A
90-92.9% = A-
87-89.9% = B+
83-86.9% = B
80-82.9% = B-
77-79.9% = C+
73-76.9% = C
70-72.9% = C-
67-69.9% = D+
63-66.9% = D
60-62.9% = D-
0-59.9% = F

Class Participation and Homework

Attendance is part of your class participation grade. If you take all the allowable cuts you can not get more than a 90% and possibly only 70% depending on the weight of the calculation of that element in class participation.

The homework, besides reading the essays, will be to prepare one question for each essay you are required to read. These questions will address some fundamental issue with the material. I will use these questions to prepare the sectional quizzes. The list of questions will be due one or two class periods before the sectional quiz. Each of these lists will count 10 points. There will be no credit given for late assignments.

Topical Presentation of Moral Problems

Periodically, the class period will consist of a discussion of a moral problem, say, euthanasia. I will ask students a class period or two before to volunteer to present a report. The assignment will be to find a current report of the specified moral problem and give a short review of it. This is meant to start a general discussion.

This short report will be explicitly comprised of four things.

  1. What is the issue?
  2. What is the author's conclusion?
  3. What reasons does the author give for his/her conclusion?
  4. Evaluate the author's conclusion and reasons.

This presentation is 1/8 your total grade.

Research Paper:

Rules and specifications for the research paper and oral report.

1. The paper topic: A list of possible topics is available on the web. A topic should be selected from this list. Any topic not included in this list is subject to approval by the professor. See the calendar for the due date.

2. A thesis, outline and bibliography will be crafted by the student after a review of the literature. These are tentative but will give the student direction for further research. See the calendar for the due date. See this link for help constructing the thesis and outline. An on-time delivery of these three things is worth 10 of the possible 100 points for this paper. Failure to hand it in will lose those 10 points.

3. By Monday the 9th of April it is expected that your research will be complete and your paper well advanced.

4. The length of the paper will be approximately 2000 words. If there is more substance that can not be covered in 2000 words, then write no more than 2500 words.

5. There will be three clearly delineated parts of the paper. Each section shall be titled appropriately.

  1. The Introduction: First, you will lay out and define a contemporary ethical problem in politics, culture, society, medicine, business or the Church. This is where you will ask the central question of the paper. What are you trying to answer by writing this paper? Secondly, You will state why this is a problem in society. Thirdly, You will advance your thesis, your speculative conclusion, without, however, defending it.
  2. The History of the Problem: Why is there a problem today? You will tell the history of the problem using at least 3 book references. References may include journal and magazine articles, either from paper or the internet. Internet sources must be carefully selected, and an electronic bibliography should be submitted to me. You may also use the internet to find books. This section is not the place to advance your solution to the problem nor is it a place to theorize about the problem. It is meant specifically as an exercise in giving a genealogy of events and persons that give shape to this current problem. Notation style is not important though I prefer footnotes. What is important is that all references are noted clearly. That means for direct quotes and paraphrases and simple phrases taken out of the books or off the internet, there must be clear citations with page numbers where available.
  3. Speculative Conclusion: First, restate the thesis/speculative conclusion from the introduction part three. How can our society deal with this problem? Please elaborate. Secondly what possible objections might there be, and, thirdly, what are the risks and benefits of your solution?

7. Paper Grading issues:

  1. Papers must be turned in on time or before for full credit. Each class period the paper is late will reduce the grade by one full letter grade or 10 points.
  2. A paper that doesn't incorporate the ethical language from the readings or class discussion and does not evaluate the material using the ideas from the readings and class discussion can not achieve a grade above B. Just saying, for example, "Utilitarianism" in a sentence is not sufficient to address this requirement.
  3. No paper that has more than one or two grammar or spelling errors can get an A+ grade.
  4. No paper that has numerous grammar and spelling errors can get anything more than a B.
  5. Any paper that is not properly cited can get more than a B.
  6. If I have required that the student take their work to the Write Place, they must bring the paper with the Write Place's corrections on it to me When the final paper is handed in. If they don't do this the paper can not receive more than a B. This assumes that the paper will be in its complete form at least a week before the paper is due so that there is time to have it reviewed by the Write Place.
  7. Errors are cumulative: a student who doesn't hand in their Thesis, Outline and Bibliography on time starts with a 90. If the grammar and spelling are also poor their grade is reduced to an automatic 75. The additional failure to quote and cite references properly will result in a reduction to a 60. Then the content of the paper will be judged.

The paper constitutes one quarter of your grade.

Final Exam:

The final exam is optional for those whose grades are (up to that point) an A or B. However for those who's grade is C or below, the final exam is mandatory.

The exam is not punitive (unless the student fails to show up, losing 1/8 of the grade.) If it is below your current average, then it will not be counted.

The topic of the exam will be announced the last day of class during review day.

Addendum:

If you have any questions about any of this syllabus or any of the course requirements, please email me. You are responsible for everything in this syllabus and if you fail to hand in an assignment, you are still responsible for it and will be graded without it. I may remind you the assignment is due, but am not obligated to. I will also direct you to this syllabus if the answer you seek is in it.

I have made and will make mistakes. When I do, I am disposed to favor the student. Begging me to reconsider a grade sometimes will help you, though the last time I read a paper for the second time, I found more mistakes, and realized why I had given the student the grade I did. I did not lower the student's grade. However, in the second class I had with this student she turned in an an extremely good paper that I gave an A for.

If you are having trouble in class, please see me, email me or call me. I am more likely to be generous to you if we have a relationship of some kind. If you sneak into class late, leave early, never say anything in class or out of it, show no interest in the material, etc., there are few options to me when it comes to grading your work. I will be as fair as humanly possible, but if I don't know you, all I will have is the work you give (or don't give) me.

As much as the techne of education disposes us to treat each other perfunctorily, I am convinced that the effort required to master the material is a very humanizing process. We depend on each other for this conversation to be productive. Fostering relationships with fellow students and professors will be to our mutual advantage.

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